<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:wrs="http://www.wiris.com/xml/mathml-extension" height="43" width="160" wrs:baseline="28"><!--MathML: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mfenced separators="|"><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi></mfrac></mfenced><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>&#xA0;</mi><mi>&#xA0;</mi></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><msup><mfenced separators="|"><mfrac><mi>p</mi><mi>q</mi></mfrac></mfenced><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup></math>--><defs><style type="text/css">@font-face{font-family:'math135b31cfba37a56451b4768509d';src:url(data:font/truetype;charset=utf-8;base64,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)format('truetype');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:'brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468';src:url(data:font/truetype;charset=utf-8;base64,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)format('truetype');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:'round_brackets18549f92a457f2409';src:url(data:font/truetype;charset=utf-8;base64,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)format('truetype');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:'bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499';src:url(data:font/truetype;charset=utf-8;base64,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)format('truetype');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}</style></defs><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="1.5" y="17">&#x239B;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="1.5" y="22">&#x239C;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="1.5" y="27">&#x239C;</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="1.5" y="41">&#x239D;</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="25.5" y="17">&#x239E;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="25.5" y="22">&#x239F;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="25.5" y="27">&#x239F;</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="25.5" y="41">&#x23A0;</text><line stroke="#000000" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-width="1" x1="9.5" x2="21.5" y1="22.5" y2="22.5"/><text font-family="Arial" font-size="16" text-anchor="middle" x="15.5" y="17">p</text><text font-family="Arial" font-size="16" text-anchor="middle" x="15.5" y="39">q</text><text font-family="Arial" font-size="12" font-style="italic" text-anchor="middle" x="34.5" y="12">n</text><text font-family="math135b31cfba37a56451b4768509d" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="45.5" y="12">&#x2212;</text><text font-family="Arial" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="54.5" y="12">1</text><text font-family="math135b31cfba37a56451b4768509d" font-size="16" text-anchor="middle" x="73.5" y="28">=</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="83.5" y="17">&#x239B;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="83.5" y="22">&#x239C;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="83.5" y="27">&#x239C;</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="83.5" y="41">&#x239D;</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="108.5" y="17">&#x239E;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="108.5" y="22">&#x239F;</text><text font-family="brack_sm2882ad605b1e27be87c7468" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="108.5" y="27">&#x239F;</text><text font-family="bracketse552f5417ff4680c6b50499" font-size="16" text-anchor="start" x="108.5" y="41">&#x23A0;</text><line stroke="#000000" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-width="1" x1="91.5" x2="104.5" y1="22.5" y2="22.5"/><text font-family="Arial" font-size="16" font-style="italic" text-anchor="middle" x="97.5" y="17">p</text><text font-family="Arial" font-size="16" font-style="italic" text-anchor="middle" x="97.5" y="39">q</text><text font-family="math135b31cfba37a56451b4768509d" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="119.5" y="12">&#x2212;</text><text font-family="round_brackets18549f92a457f2409" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="126.5" y="12">(</text><text font-family="Arial" font-size="12" font-style="italic" text-anchor="middle" x="131.5" y="12">n</text><text font-family="math135b31cfba37a56451b4768509d" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="142.5" y="12">&#x2212;</text><text font-family="Arial" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="151.5" y="12">3</text><text font-family="round_brackets18549f92a457f2409" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" x="156.5" y="12">)</text></svg>